Monday, July 21, 2014

DB2 Performance Improvement tip using COALESCE function

One of the developers at our shop fed his query to an optimizer tool and the optimized query looked kind of weird.

This is the original query:
DELETE FROM TABLE_A
 WHERE COL1 IN (SELECT COL1
                          FROM TABLE_A R
                               INNER JOIN TABLE_B O
                                  ON O.COL2 = R.COL1
                         WHERE O.COL3 != R.COL4)


Query suggested by the optimizer:
DELETE
  FROM TABLE_A
 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 'X'
                 FROM TABLE_A R
                      INNER JOIN TABLE_B O
                         ON R.COL4 <> COALESCE (O.COL3, O.COL3)
                            AND R.COL1 = COALESCE (O.COL2, O.COL2)
                WHERE COL1 = TABLE_A.COL1
                ORDER BY R.COL4)

The puzzling part here is in the revised query: COALESCE (O.COL3, O.COL3). Why would anyone feed the same column twice to the COALESCE function? It's going to give the same result.

Here is the explanation by IBM though: http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21259831

In their own words:

Question
Why might adding a special form of the COALESCE predicate produce cheaper data access plans and result in better performance.
Cause
A "no-op" coalesce() predicate of the form "COALESCE(X, X) = X" introduces an estimation error into the planning of any query using it. Currently the DB2 query compiler doesn't have the capability of dissecting that predicate and determining that all rows actually satisfy it. As a result, the predicate artificially reduces the estimated number of rows coming from some part of a query plan. This smaller row estimate usually reduces the row and cost estimates for the rest of query planning, and sometimes results in a different plan being chosen because relative estimates between different candidate plans have changed.
Why can this do-nothing predicate sometimes improve query performance? The addition of the "no-op" coalesce() predicate introduces an error that masks something else that is preventing optimal performance.

What some performance enhancement tools do is a brute-force test: the tool repeatedly introduces the predicate into different places in a query, operating on different columns, to try to find a case where, by introducing an error, it stumbles onto a better-performing plan. This is also true of a query developer hand-coding the "no-op" predicate into a query. Typically, the developer will have some insight on the data to guide the placement of the predicate.

Using this method to improve query performance is a short-term solution which does not address root cause. It hides potential areas for performance improvements and could have the following implications:
This workaround does not guarantee permanent performance improvements. The DB2 query compiler might eventually handle the predicate better, or it might be affected by other random factors.
Other queries might be affected by the same root cause. The performance of your system in general might be suffering as a result.
Answer
Try to identify and address root cause by determining why the original plan chosen by the query compiler did not perform optimally.

Although the actual estimates in a better-performing plan using "COALESCE(X, X) = X" cannot be trusted, such a plan can still be useful because its "shape" (for example, its join order and access methods) can be used as clues to determine where a problem might lie with the original plan.

Here are some examples of questions that can help to better identify the source of performance issues:
Are the statistics out-of-date?
Should more statistics be collected?
Are there statistical correlations that have not been detected?
Are there other characteristics of the data that are not yet captured or modeled?
Are there hardware problems? (e.g. a disk is misbehaving)
Are there configuration problems?
Are any queries stuck behind a lock?

Friday, September 27, 2013

DB2 Stored Procedure Last Used Date

Ever wonder when was a stored procedure last used/invoked in DB2 LUW? Knowing this may be helpful in determining whether a stored procedure is still in use or how recently it was used. Run this query to find this information.

SELECT PR.PROCSCHEMA
      ,PR.PROCNAME
      ,PK.LASTUSED
  FROM SYSCAT.PROCEDURES PR
      ,SYSCAT.ROUTINEDEP RD
      ,SYSCAT.PACKAGES   PK
 WHERE PR.SPECIFICNAME =  RD.ROUTINENAME
   AND RD.BNAME        =  PK.PKGNAME
   AND PR.PROCSCHEMA  <> 'SYSIBMADM'
   AND PK.LASTUSED     > '01/01/0001'
 ORDER BY PK.LASTUSED DESC
  WITH UR;

Remember that, you can use this query only from DB2 LUW V9.7 onwards.

Wednesday, September 11, 2013

DB2 DIAGNOSE DISPLAY MEPL

DIAGNOSE is a DB2 for z/OS utility that, as the name suggests, is used in diagnosing problems. It generates information that is useful in diagnosing problems. But you should use this utility only under the direction of IBM Software Support staff, except for DIAGNOSE DISPLAY MEPL.

You can use the DISPLAY MEPL even without contacting IBM in the following scenario.

First of all, MEPL is an acronym for Module Entry Point List (MEPL). DIAGNOSE DISPLAY MEPL dumps module entry point lists to SYSPRINT.

Recently, we had an issue with a query after applying the maintenance RSU1304. I opened a SR (Service Request) with IBM and the support staff found a PTF in PE status. It took about 2 months to find a fix and eventually when I applied a PTF to fix the PTF in PE, it didn't work. The query still had the same problem.

IBM asked me to run this utility to find if the PTF is in fact applied to the subsystem that we were testing the query. The SYSPRINT from this utility didn't show the PTF. That's when I realized that the PTF was applied to the maintenance library, but the load module was not copied to the production run time library. After copying the load module from maintenance library to run time library, the query ran good.

Usually I do search the SMPPTS library to see if PTF that was applied recently is found, but that's not foolproof. This method of running the DIAGNOSE DISPLAY MEPL utility looks foolproof. Lesson learnt !!

Here is a sample job to run this utility:

//jobcard
//JOBLIB   DD  DISP=SHR,DSN=SYS2.DB2.DBxx.SDSNLOAD
//STEP0010 EXEC PGM=DSNUTILB,PARM='DBxx,MEPL',REGION=4M
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSIN    DD  *
  DIAGNOSE DISPLAY MEPL
/*

Thanks for stopping by.

Monday, June 17, 2013

CBT Tape

Just a quick note about a freeware site for mainframers. Check this out: http://www.cbttape.org/.

The CBT tape is a collection of freeware for almost all open-source distribution for the IBM mainframe z/OS environment. The entire collection of free software can be downloaded at the site as well as freeware for JES2, JES3, and other related S/390 material. A large repository of links to S/390 related sites on the Internet and archives of older material are also features.

Monday, June 10, 2013

How to load LOB tablespaces using DSN1COPY?

In the past, I've tried to load tablespaces with LOB columns using the regular IBM Load, BMC Load Plus & CA Fast Load. None of these tools support LOB tablespaces. You get into a series of errors.

The only utility that has ever worked for me is DSN1COPY. It's a pain to use DSN1COPY though. You need several things to go right for this to work. Let me try to explain as simple as possible.


In this example, I'm copying data from an imagecopy dataset into a table in a TEST subsystem. The first thing you need to remember is that, you need to know the DBID of the database, PSID of the tablespace and OBID of the table for both the source and target subsystems.

These are the steps:

1. STOP the base and LOB tablespaces and indexes for the LOB table on the target subsystem

2. Run DSN1COPY with the right parameters. I use PARM='PAGESIZE(32K),LOB,FULLCOPY,OBIDXLAT,RESET'. Supply the imagecopy dataset of the table on the source subsystem for SYSUT1 and supply the DSNDBC linear dataset of the table on the target subsystem for SYSUT2.

3. START the base and LOB tablespaces and indexes for the LOB table on the target subsystem

4. Rebuild the indexes

5. Run runstats

If the DSN1COPY step abends with "DSN1992I VSAM PUT ERROR, RPLERREG = 008, RPLERRCD = 028", check JESMSGLG. If you see a message like this "IEC070I 204-220,jobname,stepname,SYSUT2,6BF7,DBD115& IEC070I DB2CATx.DSNDBC.dbname.tsname.I0001.A001", it means you do not have enough space in that dataset. Make sure, you assign multiple datasets with suffix A001, A002, etc. in the target subsystem, it needs to accommodate all data from the source.

If you see a message like this "IEC070I 209-220,jobname,stepname,SYSUT2,89B5,DBD235,& IEC070I DB2CATx.DSNDBC.dbname.tsname.I0001.A001,", that means no space is available in the DASD volume. To fix this problem, make the dataset multi volume so that it can extend space into multiple volumes.

HTH !!

Sunday, March 17, 2013

Date of a particular day

A developer asked me, how do I find the date for last Sunday. It was a Wednesday when he asked. After some thinking, this is what I gave him as solution. This works in DB2, not sure about other databases. 

SELECT CURRENT DATE - (DAYOFWEEK(CURRENT DATE) - 1) DAYS 
  FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1                                 

This solution works only for Sunday. For Monday, change 1 to 2, for Tuesday 3 and so on.

I've not done an extensive testing, so take it with a grain of salt :)



Wednesday, December 5, 2012

REXX to calculate holiday dates in US

What are all the government/bank holiday dates in the US in 2012? You can tell this by grabbing a calendar or doing a search on the net. What if you need this information in a program? What if you need this information for year 2013, 2014 etc.? Mr Martin Dunkel has written a REXX and he has graciously agreed to share his code with us all. The code is available in the link below. Please feel free to make a copy of it and change as needed. I've tested this code as it is. His contact info is available in the REXX, in case you have any questions that I cannot answer.

All credit goes to Mr Martin Dunkel !! Thank You Mr Dunkel.

Here is the code: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B4whLShAZsgERW1vZmlVSDQ0WXc

Saturday, January 21, 2012

DB2 for zOS Index on Expression


DB2 for z/OS version 9 brought in a new feature called "Index on Expression". Yes, you can create indexes on frequently used expressions in your queries. For example, if you often do a SELECT FIRST_NAME WHERE UPPER(LAST_NAME) = 'SMITH', then creating an index on UPPER(LAST_NAME) will be useful.

Until V8, you can create index on just columns, not on expressions/functions etc. So, you would have created an index on LAST_NAME, but DB2 would have ignored it because when you use a function on a column, DB2 ignores index access. But starting in V9, you can create an index on UPPER(LAST_NAME) and DB2 will use this index.

Now, to the tricky part ...

I tried to create an index on UPPER(LAST_NAME), DB2 complained that I need to specify 'locale' name. After reading a little bit about 'locale names', I specified UPPER(LAST_NAME, 'En_US') and DB2 happily created the index. I also ran runstats on the table. However, when I did an explain on the query SELECT FIRST_NAME WHERE UPPER(LAST_NAME) = 'SMITH', DB2 didn't seem to pick up the newly created index. That puzzled me.

After reading a little further, I found that I need to specify the same 'locale' in the query too. After specifying the 'locale', I did an explain and DB2 picked up the index. This is the modified query:

SELECT FIRST_NAME WHERE UPPER(LAST_NAME, 'EN_US') = 'SMITH'

Keywords: DB2, z/OS, Index, Expression, Upper, Locale, function

Wednesday, October 19, 2011

How to find the RSU or PUT level maintenance through SMP/E?

Usually, if you are working on a mainframe issue (DB2 or CICS or MQ or any mainframe stuff), and if you are dealing with a 3rd party vendor, they would ask the maintenance level or patch level or PUT level or RSU level of your system or product. How do you find the RSU/PUT level?


If you install your products through SMP/E, this is how you find this information.
Go to SMP/E panel, and enter SMCSI dataset (global zone data set) and select option 3 and hit enter.




Select option 3 from this screen and hit enter.



Just hit enter again (no input for ZONE NAME).



Now select the region you are interested in. GLOBAL zone will show all the RSU that has been RECEIVED (it may or may not be APPLYed already). TARGET zone will show all the RSU that has been APPLYed.


e.g., this screen shows the last maintenance applied (RSU1103), along with the previous maintenance:

Saturday, August 27, 2011

DB2 V9 for z/OS - New ZPARM EDM_SKELETON_POOL

I'm working on upgrading DB2 for zOS from V8 to V9. I completed upgrading it to V9 CM (Compatibility/Conversion Mode) in one of our PROD subsystems about 2 weeks ago and the next business day was horrible. The performance was bad for the entire subsystem. The LPAR CPU peaked to 98% of the total MIPS capacity.

The activity rate against the SPT01 tablespace jumped several times and the CICS regions started sucking 20% more CPU. We noticed a few bad queries through Omegamon and we fixed them by either tweaking the stats or putting some new indexes. But that didn't bring down the CPU consumption much. The interesting part was, our zIIP engine started to peak at 100%, which usually stays at 40%. We found one query that had done a bunch of updates and got stuck - it was using a lot of CPU but was not doing any productive work. We cancelled this thread, but it wouldn't go away and the zIIP engine was still at 100%. Many more transactions/threads started to back log because of lack of CPU availability. The cancelled thread didn't die and still was burning CPU. We ended up cycling DB2 with a MODE(FORCE) command. Still, when DB2 came back, it started recovery of the cancelled thread, so we had to force kill it.

When that thread was at last gone, we looked at the CPU rate, and it was right back at the 98% with the only exception that zIIP processor was at 75% level.

We opened a Sev 1 PMR with IBM. As usual, they asked for dumps, SMF, RMF records etc. [Rant On] I would have thought IBM provided a solution to try for a problem with such a mature product. But instead they were waiting on us to provide docs. [Rant Off]



Anyway, we did some more research and found that, in DB2 V9, copies of packages and plans have been moved from below the 2GB bar to above the bar. This is done through a new zparm called EDM_SKELETON_POOL. The default value for this zparm is too low. So we increased it by 20 times. The system is in a much better shape now.

This is from Omegamon for DB2:

Package Table (PT) Reqs         1005483K 
PT Loads                        80073250 
% of PT Loads from DASD             7.96%



The "% of PT Loads from DASD" should be less than 10% for a healthy system. It was about 55% in our system before increasing the value of EDM_SKELETON_POOL. With any other virtual memory, make sure that there is enough physical memory to support this increase.


After this fix, the CPU looks much better but we are still seeing some runaway transactions or changed accesspath (which are not good in many cases). We're fixing them by rewriting the queries in most cases.